- Rocket Typist 1 3 – Expand Typed Abbreviations Multiple Authors
- Rocket Typist 1 3 – Expand Typed Abbreviations Multiple Letters
Table of Contents
- Function Hotstrings[v1.1.28+]
X 1', 'b', '3') as.numeric (x) # Warning: NAs introduced by coercion # 1 1 NA 3 R does not have any guesses for what number you want when you type b, so it does not try. As a data scientist you will encounter the NA s often as they are generally used for missing data, a common problem in real-world datasets. 1.1 Defining rocket artillery 10 1.2 Legal aspects 12 2 Historical overview 12 2.1 Pre WWII 12 2.2 WWII developments 13 2.3 Cold War developments 15 2.4 Distribution 16 3 Types of rocket artillery 16 3.1 Portable systems 16 3.2 Towed systems 18 3.3 Vehicle mounted systems 18 3.4 Artillery missiles / tactical missiles 19 3.5 Guidance systems 20. Expand it once you click Enter key inside it, or type content more than one line. And shrink it at blur to get the actual size if user has entered white spaces.(bonus) Here is a handmade function to accomplish the task. Working fine with almost all browser (.
Introduction and Simple Examples
Although hotstrings are mainly used to expand abbreviations as you type them (auto-replace), they can also be used to launch any scripted action. In this respect, they are similar to hotkeys except that they are typically composed of more than one character (that is, a string).
To define a hotstring, enclose the triggering abbreviation between pairs of colons as in this example:
In the above example, the abbreviation btw will be automatically replaced with 'by the way' whenever you type it (however, by default you must type an ending character after typing btw, such as Space, ., or Enter).
The 'by the way' example above is known as an auto-replace hotstring because the typed text is automatically erased and replaced by the string specified after the second pair of colons. By contrast, a hotstring may also be defined to perform any custom action as in the following examples. Note that the commands must appear beneath the hotstring:
Even though the two examples above are not auto-replace hotstrings, the abbreviation you type is erased by default. This is done via automatic backspacing, which can be disabled via the b0 option.
Ending Characters
Unless the asterisk option is in effect, you must type an ending character after a hotstring's abbreviation to trigger it. Ending characters initially consist of the following: -()[]{}':;'/,.?!`n `t (note that `n is Enter, `t is Tab, and there is a plain space between `n and `t). This set of characters can be changed by editing the following example, which sets the new ending characters for all hotstrings, not just the ones beneath it:
[v1.1.28+]: The ending characters can be changed while the script is running by calling the Hotstring function as demonstrated below:
Options
A hotstring's default behavior can be changed in two possible ways:
- The #Hotstring directive, which affects all hotstrings physically beneath that point in the script. The following example puts the C and R options into effect:
#Hotstring c r. - Putting options inside a hotstring's first pair of colons. The following example puts the C and * options (case sensitive and 'ending character not required') into effect for a single hotstring:
:c*:j@::john@somedomain.com.
The list below describes each option. When specifying more than one option using the methods above, spaces optionally may be included between them.
* (asterisk): An ending character (e.g. Space, ., or Enter) is not required to trigger the hotstring. For example:
The example above would send its replacement the moment you type the @ character. When using the #Hotstring directive, use *0 to turn this option back off.
? (question mark): The hotstring will be triggered even when it is inside another word; that is, when the character typed immediately before it is alphanumeric. For example, if :?:al::airline is a hotstring, typing 'practical ' would produce 'practicairline '. Use ?0 to turn this option back off.
B0 (B followed by a zero): Automatic backspacing is not done to erase the abbreviation you type. Use a plain B to turn backspacing back on after it was previously turned off. A script may also do its own backspacing via {bs 5}, which sends 5 Backspace keystrokes. Similarly, it may send ← keystrokes via {left 5}. For example, the following hotstring produces '' and moves the caret 5 places to the left (so that it's between the tags):
C: Case sensitive: When you type an abbreviation, it must exactly match the case defined in the script. Use C0 to turn case sensitivity back off.
C1: Do not conform to typed case. Use this option to make auto-replace hotstrings case insensitive and prevent them from conforming to the case of the characters you actually type. Case-conforming hotstrings (which are the default) produce their replacement text in all caps if you type the abbreviation in all caps. If you type the first letter in caps, the first letter of the replacement will also be capitalized (if it is a letter). If you type the case in any other way, the replacement is sent exactly as defined. When using the #Hotstring directive, C0 can be used to turn this option back off, which makes hotstrings conform again.
Kn: Key-delay: This rarely-used option sets the delay between keystrokes produced by auto-backspacing or auto-replacement. Specify the new delay for n; for example, specify k10 to have a 10ms delay and k-1 to have no delay. The exact behavior of this option depends on which sending mode is in effect:
- SI (SendInput): Key-delay is ignored because a delay is not possible in this mode. The exception to this is when SendInput is unavailable, in which case hotstrings revert to SendPlay mode below (which does obey key-delay).
- SP (SendPlay): A delay of length zero is the default, which for SendPlay is the same as -1 (no delay). In this mode, the delay is actually a PressDuration rather than a delay between keystrokes.
- SE (SendEvent): A delay of length zero is the default. Zero is recommended for most purposes since it is fast but still cooperates well with other processes (due to internally doing a Sleep 0). Specify k-1 to have no delay at all, which is useful to make auto-replacements faster if your CPU is frequently under heavy load. When set to -1, a script's process-priority becomes an important factor in how fast it can send keystrokes. To raise a script's priority, use
Process, Priority, High.
O: Omit the ending character of auto-replace hotstrings when the replacement is produced. This is useful when you want a hotstring to be kept unambiguous by still requiring an ending character, but don't actually want the ending character to be shown on the screen. For example, if :o:ar::aristocrat is a hotstring, typing 'ar' followed by the spacebar will produce 'aristocrat' with no trailing space, which allows you to make the word plural or possessive without having to press Backspace. Use O0 (the letter O followed by a zero) to turn this option back off.
Pn: The priority of the hotstring (e.g. P1). This rarely-used option has no effect on auto-replace hotstrings.
R: Send the replacement text raw; that is, without translating {Enter} to Enter, ^c to Control+C, etc. This option is put into effect automatically for hotstrings that have a continuation section. Use R0 to turn this option back off.
Note:Text mode may be more reliable. The R and T options are mutually exclusive.
SI or SP or SE[v1.0.43+]: Sets the method by which auto-replace hotstrings send their keystrokes. These options are mutually exclusive: only one can be in effect at a time. The following describes each option:
- SI stands for SendInput, which typically has superior speed and reliability than the other modes. Another benefit is that like SendPlay below, SendInput postpones anything you type during a hotstring's auto-replacement text. This prevents your keystrokes from being interspersed with those of the replacement. When SendInput is unavailable, hotstrings automatically use SendPlay instead.
- SP stands for SendPlay, which may allow hotstrings to work in a broader variety of games.
- SE stands for SendEvent, which is the default in versions older than 1.0.43.
If none of the above options are used, the default mode in [v1.0.43] and later is SendInput. However, unlike the SI option, SendEvent is used instead of SendPlay when SendInput is unavailable.
T[v1.1.27+]: Send the replacement text raw, without translating each character to a keystroke. For details, see Text mode. Use T0 or R0 to turn this option back off, or override it with R.
X[v1.1.28+]: Execute. Instead of replacement text, the hotstring accepts a command or expression to execute. For example, :X:~mb::MsgBox would cause a message box to be displayed when the user types '~mb' instead of auto-replacing it with the word 'MsgBox'. This is most useful when defining a large number of hotstrings which call functions, as it would otherwise require three lines per hotstring.
When used with the Hotstring function, the X option causes the Replacement parameter to be interpreted as a label or function name instead of replacement text. However, the X option has this effect only if it is specified each time the function is called.
Z: This rarely-used option resets the hotstring recognizer after each triggering of the hotstring. In other words, the script will begin waiting for an entirely new hotstring, eliminating from consideration anything you previously typed. This can prevent unwanted triggerings of hotstrings. To illustrate, consider the following hotstring:
Since the above lacks the Z option, typing 111 (three consecutive 1's) would trigger the hotstring twice because the middle 1 is the last character of the first triggering but also the first character of the second triggering. By adding the letter Z in front of b0, you would have to type four 1's instead of three to trigger the hotstring twice. Use Z0 to turn this option back off.
Long Replacements
Hotstrings that produce a large amount of replacement text can be made more readable and maintainable by using a continuation section. For example:
See continuation section for how to change these default behaviors. The presence of a continuation section also causes the hotstring to default to raw mode. The only way to override this special default is to specify the r0 option in each hotstring that has a continuation section (e.g. :r0:text1::).
Context-sensitive Hotstrings
The directives #IfWinActive/Exist can be used to make selected hotstrings context sensitive. Such hotstrings send a different replacement, perform a different action, or do nothing at all depending on the type of window that is active or exists. For example:
AutoCorrect
The following script uses hotstrings to correct about 4700 common English misspellings on-the-fly. It also includes a Win+H hotkey to make it easy to add more misspellings:
Download: AutoCorrect.ahk (127 KB)
Author: Jim Biancolo and Wikipedia's Lists of Common Misspellings
Remarks
Variable references such as %MyVar% are not currently supported within the replacement text. To work around this, don't make such hotstrings auto-replace. Instead, use the SendInput command beneath the abbreviation, followed by a line containing only the word Return.
To send an extra space or tab after a replacement, include the space or tab at the end of the replacement but make the last character an accent/backtick (`). For example:
By default, any click of the left or right mouse button will reset the hotstring recognizer. In other words, the script will begin waiting for an entirely new hotstring, eliminating from consideration anything you previously typed (if this is undesirable, specify the line #Hotstring NoMouse anywhere in the script). This 'reset upon mouse click' behavior is the default because each click typically moves the text insertion point (caret) or sets keyboard focus to a new control/field. In such cases, it is usually desirable to: 1) fire a hotstring even if it lacks the question mark option; 2) prevent a firing when something you type after clicking the mouse accidentally forms a valid abbreviation with what you typed before.
The hotstring recognizer checks the active window each time a character is typed, and resets if a different window is active than before. If the active window changes but reverts before any characters are typed, the change is not detected (but the hotstring recognizer may be reset for some other reason). The hotstring recognizer can also be reset by calling Hotstring('Reset').
The built-in variable A_EndChar contains the ending character that you typed to trigger the most recent non-auto-replace hotstring. If no ending character was required (due to the * option), it will be blank. A_EndChar is useful when making hotstrings that use the Send command or whose behavior should vary depending on which ending character you typed. To send the ending character itself, use SendRaw %A_EndChar% (SendRaw is used because characters such as !{} would not be sent correctly by the normal Send command).
Although commas, percent signs, and single-colons within hotstring definitions do not need to be escaped, backticks and those semicolons having a space or tab to their left require it. See escape sequences for a complete list.
Although the Send command's special characters such as {Enter} are supported in auto-replacement text (unless the raw option is used), the hotstring abbreviations themselves do not use this. Instead, specify `n for the Enter key and `t (or a literal tab) for Tab (see escape sequences for a complete list). For example, the hotstring :*:ab`t:: would be triggered when you type 'ab' followed by a tab.
Spaces and tabs are treated literally within hotstring definitions. For example, the following would produce two different results: ::btw::by the way and ::btw:: by the way.
Each hotstring abbreviation can be no more than 40 characters long. The program will warn you if this length is exceeded. By contrast, the length of hotstring's replacement text is limited to about 5000 characters when the sending mode is at its default of SendInput. That limit can be increased to 16,383 characters by switching to one of the other sending modes. Furthermore, an unlimited amount of text can be sent by using SendPlay %MyVariable% in the body of the hotstring.
The order in which hotstrings are defined determines their precedence with respect to each other. In other words, if more than one hotstring matches something you type, only the one listed first in the script will take effect. Related topic: context-sensitive hotstrings.
Any backspacing you do is taken into account for the purpose of detecting hotstrings. However, the use of ↑, →, ↓, ←, PageUp, PageDown, Home, and End to navigate within an editor will cause the hotstring recognition process to reset. In other words, it will begin waiting for an entirely new hotstring.
A hotstring may be typed even when the active window is ignoring your keystrokes. In other words, the hotstring will still fire even though the triggering abbreviation is never visible. In addition, you may still press the Backspace key to undo the most recently typed keystroke (even though you can't see the effect).
It is possible to Gosub or Goto a hotstring label by including its first pair of colons (including any option symbols) in front of its name. For example: Gosub ::xyz. However, jumping to a single-line (auto-replace) hotstring will do nothing other than execute a return.
Although hotstrings are not monitored and will not be triggered during the course of an invisible Input command, visible Inputs are capable of triggering them.
By default, hotstrings are never triggered by keystrokes produced by any AutoHotkey script. This avoids the possibility of an infinite loop where hotstrings trigger each other over and over. In [v1.1.06] and later, this behaviour can be controlled with #InputLevel and SendLevel. However, auto-replace hotstrings always use send level 0 and therefore never trigger hook hotkeys or hotstrings.
[v1.1.28+]: Hotstrings can be created dynamically by means of the Hotstring function, which can also modify, disable, or enable the script's existing hotstrings individually.
The Input command is more flexible than hotstrings for certain purposes. For example, it allows your keystrokes to be invisible in the active window (such as a game). It also supports non-character ending keys such as Escape.
The keyboard hook is automatically used by any script that contains hotstrings.
Hotstrings behave identically to hotkeys in the following ways:
- They are affected by the Suspend command.
- They obey #MaxThreads and #MaxThreadsPerHotkey (but not #MaxThreadsBuffer).
- Scripts containing hotstrings are automatically persistent.
- Non-auto-replace hotstrings will create a new thread when launched. In addition, they will update the built-in hotkey variables such as A_ThisHotkey.
Known limitation: On some systems in Java applications, hotstrings might interfere with the user's ability to type diacritical letters (via dead keys). To work around this, Suspend can be turned on temporarily (which disables all hotstrings).
Function Hotstrings [v1.1.28+]
One or more hotstrings can be assigned a function by simply defining it immediately after the hotstring label, as in this example:
For additional details, see Function Hotkeys.
The Hotstring function can also be used to assign a function or function object to a hotstring.
Hotstring Helper
Andreas Borutta suggested the following script, which might be useful if you are a heavy user of hotstrings. By pressing Win+H (or another hotkey of your choice), the currently selected text can be turned into a hotstring. For example, if you have 'by the way' selected in a word processor, pressing Win+H will prompt you for its abbreviation (e.g. btw) and then add the new hotstring to the script. It will then reload the script to activate the hotstring.
Note: The Hotstring function can be used to create new hotstrings without reloading. Take a look at the first example in the example section of the function's page to see how this could be done.
Best text expansion app for MacWhether you're new to Mac or have been using it for years, highly specialized things like shortcuts, special Mac symbols, and accented characters might result in a web investigation spiralling out of control.
If you've just recently switched from Windows, you should know that Macs don't really use alt codes to type special symbols. Instead, all of the most popular Unicode characters can be typed in right from the keyboard. Unfortunately, Apple could do a much better job of shining light at this functionality.
For example, if you want to get a copyright symbol on Windows (©), you need to type in Alt 0169 — whereas, a copyright symbol on Mac is just Option + G. Similarly, a degree symbol on Mac (º) is Option + Zero and a registered trademark symbol on Mac (™) is Option + 2.
Truth is there are many more like this and below we'll explore different ways of how to type copyright symbol on Mac or any special characters Macs allow, where to find Apple keyboard symbols, and whether there's an emoji keyboard on Mac.
What Are All The Mac Keyboard Symbols?
While a standard computer keyboard contains around 80 keys, you're able — in one way or another — use it to input all of the Unicode characters, of which there are about 130,000.
To start, simply explore how all the face-value characters change when you combine them with modifier keys — Control, Option, and Command. You can even combine multiple modifiers together as well. To see all Mac keyboard shortcuts symbols clearly, however, you need to turn on the full keyboard layout.
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Display all Mac keyboard symbols
Even if you've been using your Mac for a while, it's useful to look at all the possible keyboard combinations from time to time to refresh your memory and discover new ways of quickly inputting information.
Luckily, it's easy to show all Mac key symbols at once:
- Go to System Preferences ➙ Keyboard
- Check the box next to 'Show keyboard and emoji viewers in menu bar'
Now you can click on the language flag in your menu bar and choose Show Keyboard Viewer. The interactive display will appear, showing all the keyboard symbols and altering the view in real time when you use modifier keys.
Of course, even using all the modifier keys and combinations available, it's impossible to fit all the characters in such constrained amount of space. To see all Mac key symbols, you need to select Show Emoji & Symbols option from the same language flag menu, or use a shortcut Control + Cmd + Space.
Here, you'll see all kinds of categories on the left: Emoji, Arrows, Currency Symbols, etc. In the center are all the characters within a given category. And on the right you can pick a font variation of the same symbol.
To type in a TM symbol Macs use, for example:
- Open your word processor of choice
- Call the Mac symbols menu
- Navigate to Letterlike Symbols on the sidebar
- Double-click on ™ to paste it into your editor
How to create custom Mac keyboard shortcuts symbols
With the Show Emoji & Symbols window, you have access to nearly all Unicode characters you'll ever need. However, if you need to use some special characters — such as a copyright symbol on Mac — rather frequently, it would be quite inconvenient to call up a menu and search for what you need every time. Of course, you can add the copyright symbol to your favorite characters, which will save you some time, but there's a much better way.
Macs allow you to create shortcuts for all keyboard symbols to be able to easily type them in whenever you need. For example, to create a shortcut for the copyright symbol on Mac:
- Type in the © character into your editor as described above and copy it with Command + C
- Open System Preferences ➙ Keyboard
- Navigate to the Text tab
- Click the plus sign
- Paste your © symbol in the With column on the right
- Type in a desired key combination to trigger the copyright symbol on Mac in the Replace column on the left
Although this default shortcuts method works well for characters or emoji, it doesn't effectively translate into longer strings of text or paragraphs. If you want to, for instance, create a shortcut that outputs a sales email template, you'd need to use a little nifty tool called Rocket Typist.
Rocket Typist is a full-featured text expansion app created to minimize repetition in composing any form of text-based communication. It's essentially a small database of text snippets you'll use over and over again.
Starting with Rocket Typist is easy: use File ➙ New to create a new snippet, specify the abbreviation, fill out as much text (sentences or even paragraphs) as you need, and then use the abbreviation to expand text in any application. Feedly 0 1 – read more know more.
How to switch between keyboard languages quickly
Sometimes, the Mac keyboard symbols you need are only available in another language — say, they could be Cyrillic-based. To access them, you'd need to enable another keyboard layout on your Mac.
Luckily, it's easy to do:
- Go to System Preferences ➙ Keyboard
- Navigate to Input Sources
- Click the plus sign
- Choose the language you need and press Add
Now, the second keyboard layout will be activated. Don't forget to check the box next to 'Show Input menu in menu bar' to see which layout is currently active. The standard shortcut to switch between layouts is Cmd + Space, but you can also change it to Caps Lock key in the Input Sources options.
Extra tip: typing emoji on iPhone is much easier if you add an emoji keyboard layout to your languages.
Special Characters: Type in various symbol variations
In some cases, you might just want to access a variation of the symbol that's already on your keyboard, such as an accented letter.
One way to do this is to find the character of your choice in the Keyboard Viewer, as described above. Another way is to use a keyboard shortcut. You can get an acute accent by typing Option + E and then the letter. Similarly, circumflex is Option + I, grave accent is Option + backquote, tilde is Option + N, and umlaut is Option + U.
A quicker option though is to simply press the key of the letter you want to modify and hold it for a second until a small menu appears. Then just choose a number that corresponds to the modification you seek.
Digitize complex math expressions
If your studies or line of work require the use of complex math, you might be spending too much time crafting LaTeX and MathML expressions by hand. But as with nearly everything else nowadays, there's an easier way.
MathKey is a Mac app specifically developed to write complex equations in academic papers and math documents. Instead of composing dozens of obscure symbols together, the app allows you to hand-write the equation using your trackpad (or mouse) and output perfect LaTeX or MathML, ready for publication.
Search for anything instantly
It's likely that you won't retain all the information provided here. But don't worry, the only thing you need to keep is a supercharged search that can take you right back to the answer you're looking for.
Lacona is an intelligent search for your Mac that contextually analyzes the query and outputs a range of possible solutions, whether it's launching a certain app, looking it up online, or performing a pre-defined action.
Any question about Mac keyboard shortcuts symbols — such as 'how to type copyright symbol on Mac?' — would be met with a guiding response. And all you have to do to start Lacona is press Option + Space.
So there are a lot of things your Mac is capable of that you might have not even considered before. With regards to symbols and characters, what you see on the keyboard is just a tiny slice compared to the total amount available. Using Mac symbols properly will enrich your communication, making it clear and efficient, especially if you get used to creating snippets with Rocket Typist, transferring math equations with MathKey, and keeping everything at the tips of your fingers with Lacona.
Best of all, the apps mentioned above are available to you on a free trial through Setapp, a platform of more than 150 specific Mac apps that are designed to make your days more productive and fun. Now you're ready to solve some equations!
Rocket Typist 1 3 – Expand Typed Abbreviations Multiple Authors
Meantime, prepare for all the awesome things you can do with Setapp.
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Rocket Typist 1 3 – Expand Typed Abbreviations Multiple Letters
